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1. See Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (Cambridge, MA; MIT Press, 1999).

2. See Dan Schiller, Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).

3. See Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974).

4. Schiller, Digital Capitalism, 1-36.

5. See Mark Dowie, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), 206-257.

6. For some varied speculation on how such changes in social discourse may unfold, see John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, The Social Life of Information (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000); Paul Gilster, Digital Literacy (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997); Richard A. Lanham, The Electric Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); and, George P. Landow, Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992).

7. Landow, Hypertext, 4.

8. Ibid., 41.

9. J. David Bolter, Writing Space: The Computer in the History of Literacy (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990), 43.

10. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1993), 115.

11. Ibid., 103.

Digital Materialism

1. See Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999),

2. Ibid., 208.

3. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Knopf, 1995), 4.

4. Ibid., 6.

5. See Mark Slouka, War of the Worlds: Cyberspace and the High-Tech Assault on Reality (New York: Basic, 1995).

Digital Deterritorialization

1. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What is Philosophy? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 5.

2. Ibid., 85.

3. Ibid., 88.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 105.

6. See Don Ihde, Technology and the Lifeworld: From Garden to Earth (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).

7. Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 106.

8. See David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

9. See Lewis Mumford, The Pentagon of Power (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1970); and, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1963).

Digital Reterritorialization

1. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Knopf, 1995), 2-3.

2. See Timothy W. Luke, "The Politics of Digital Inequality: Access, Capability, and Distribution in Cyberspace," The Politics of Cyberspace, Chris Toulouse and Timothy W. Luke, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 121-144.

3. See Bill Gates with Norman Myhrvold and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead (New York: Viking, 1996), 2-5.

4. See Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992), 186-187.

5. Ibid., 186.

6. See Gates, Road Ahead, 5.

7. George Gilder, Microcosm (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 381.

8. Ibid., 18.

Cyberspace and the Evolution of Fordism

1. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 37.

2. Ibid., 46.

3. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992), 59, 54.

4. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 294, 296.

5. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition, 46.

6. See Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974), 124-151; and, Richard Edwards, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of Work in the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic, 1979), 72-162.

7. Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 257-270. Also see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962); Stuart and Elizabeth Ewen, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness (New York: McGraw Hill, 1982); and, Alfred P. Sloan, My Years with General Motors (New York: Doubleday, 1964).

8. See Timothy W. Luke, "Regulating the Haven in a Heartless World: The State and Family under Advanced Capitalism," New Political Science, 7 (Winter 1981), 51-74; Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw Hill, 1976); and, Herbert Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973).

9. See Katherine Kerwin and Keith Naugiton, "Cover Story: Remaking Ford," Businessweek (October 11, 1999); and, Daniel McGinn, "The New Ford," Newsweek (November 23, 1998), 54-58. This strategy came into action after a strategic presentation in Dearborn during June 1999 that proposed turning Ford into a "hollowed out" node in a network of outsource suppliers, which would devote Ford's corporate headquaters to decisions about styling, promotion, and financing. In January 2000, Ford displayed its new 24/7 telematic concept vehicles in which the car construct is reimagined as a moving screen located in a network of networks. Its riders/users could rack up the miles moving across landscapes, while they then traverse innumerable other domains in cyberscapes. And, on February 3, 2000, Ford offered all of its 350,000 employees a PC, printer, and Net access at home for $5 a month. See Businessweek (February 28, 2000), 74-78; and, Jean Jennings, "Ford 24.7," Automobile Magazine, 12, no. 6 (September, 2000), 122-128.

10. Chad White, "The Telematics Revolution," Technology Investor (September, 2000), 47.

11. See Businessweek (September 18, 2000), 40-42. Ford's stance throughout the public relations disaster in 2000 with Firestone tires on its popular Explorer SUV was summed up by CEO Jacques Nasser: "This is a tire problem, not a vehicle problem." Nonetheless, the adverse publicity on Ford Explorers from South America, the Mideast, and the U.S. with Firestone tires has not helped Ford's traditional image of making "Quality Job 1."

12. Francis Cairncross, The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution will Change our Lives (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

13. Jameson, Postmodernism, 365.

14. Ibid., 412-413.

15. Ibid., 373.

16. Ibid., 413.

Cyberspace and the I-mart

1. Michael Dertouzos, What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change our Lives (New York: Harper Collins, 1997) 229.

2. See William Gibson, Neuromancer (New York: Ace Books, 1984).

3. See Kevin Kelly, Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994).

4. Greg Schneider, "Net Firms Get Down to Business," Washington Post (April 5, 2000), G1, G6.

5. Dertouzos, What Will Be, 108-109.

6. Ibid., 9-10.

7. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 5.

8. Ibid., 6.

9. Ibid., 5.

10. Ibid., 4.

11. Dertouzos, What Will Be, 138.

12. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition, 64.

13. See Hans-Peter Martin and Harald Schumann, The Global Trap: Globalization and the Assault on Democracy and Prosperity (London: Zed Press, 1997).

14. Dertouzos, What Will Be, 242.

15. Timothy W. Luke, "The Politics of Digital Inequality: Access, Capability, and Distribution in Cyberspace," The Politics of Cyberspace, Chris Toulouse and Timothy W. Luke, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 121-144. Also see Lewis Mumford, The Pentagon of Power (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1970).

16. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, 82.

17. See Jean Baudrillard, For a Critique of the Digital Economy of the Sign (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1981).

Corporate Environmentalism as Industrial Ecology

1. For an excellent overview of these battles, see Roger Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformations of the American Governmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993).

2. For some sense of the diverse sources for these ecological mentalities, see Ronald Bailey, Eco-Scam: The False Prophets of Ecological Apocalypse (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Daniel B. Botkin, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987); Garrett Hardin, Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics and Population Taboos (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Barry Lopez, Crossing Open Ground (New York: Vintage, 1989); Max Oelschlaeger, Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); Gary Snyder, The Old Ways (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1977); Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); and, Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophila: A Study of Environmental Perception Attitudes, and Values (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).

3. See Robert A. Frosch, "Toward the End of Waste: Reflections on a New Ecology of Industry," Daedalus 124, no. 3 (Summer 1996), 201.

4. Ibid., 211.

5. Ibid., 210.

6. Businessweek, July 10, 2000: 109,111.

7. Ford Motor Company, Connecting with Customers: 2000 Annual Report, 26.

8. See Aseem Prakash, Greening the Firm: The Politics of Corporate Environmentalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 3-9. Also see S.L. Wartwick and P.L. Cocharn, "The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model," Academy of Management Review, 4 (1985), 758-769.

Americanism and Fordism

1. See John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, third edition (New York: New American Library, 1978); Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family and Personal Life (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Basic Books, 1974); Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974); and, David Noble, American by Design: Science, Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1977) as well as older works like Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command (Fairlawn, NJ: 1948) or James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1960).

2. Herbert Marcuse, Counter-Revolution and Revolt (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972), 11.

3. As Edward W. Soja suggests, modernity always is composed out of "both context and conjuncture. It can be understood as the specificity of being alive, in the world, at a particular time and place; a vital individual and collective sense of contemporaneity....spatiality, temporality, and social being can be seen as the abstract dimensions which together comprise all facets of human existence. More concretely specified, each of the abstract existential dimensions comes to life as a social construct which shapes empirical reality and is simultaneously shaped by it. Thus, the spatial order of human existence arises from the (social) production of space, the construction of human geographies that both reflect and configure being in the world....the social order of being-in-the-world can be seen as revolving around the constitution of society, the production and reproduction of social relations, institutions, and practices," Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Theory (London: Verso, 1989), 25.

4. Max Horkheimer, Critique of Instrumental Reason (New York: Seabury, 1974), 27.

5. For more elaboration, see Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism (London: Verso, 1978).

6. Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects (New York: Verso, 1996), 199-205.

7. Baudrillard, For A Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1981), 85.

8. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Vintage, 1973), 89-166.

9. See Timothy W. Luke, "On Environmentality: Geo-Power and Eco-Knowledge in the Discourses of Contemporary Environmentalism," Cultural Critique, 31 (Fall 1995), 57- 81).

10. See Kirkpatrick Sale, Dwellers in the Land: A Bioregional Vision (San Francisco: Sierra Club Book, 1985); Jonathan Poritt, Seeing Green (London: Blackwell, 1984); and, perhaps most importantly, Thomas Berry, The Dream of Nature (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). For more extended discussions of the crisis facing the Earth's bioregions, see Lester Brown, Christopher Flavin, and Sandra Postel, Saving the Planet (New York: Norton, 1991); Barry Commoner, Making Peace with the Planet (New York: Pantheon, 1990); and, Lester Brown, Building a Sustainable Society (New York: Norton, 1981).

11. Although it takes an extremely technocratic and fairly alarmist form, one example of this sort of thinking is the annual State of the World reports from the Worldwatch Institute. For recent examples, see State of the World, 1995 (New York: Norton, 1995), State of the World, 1994 (New York: Norton, 1994); and, State of the World, 1993 (New York: Norton, 1993). Also see Eugene Odum, Ecology: The Link Between the Natural and Social Sciences, second ed.

Fordism as Ecologism

1. Ford Motor Company, Connecting, 10.

2. Ibid.

Principles of Ford Ecology

1. See Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for Twenty-First Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); Lester Thurow, Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Among Japan, Europe, and America (New York: Morrow, 1992); and Edward N. Luttwak, The Endangered American Dream: How to Stop the United States from Becoming a Third-World Country and How to Win the Geo-Economic Struggle for Industrial Supremacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993) as well as Paul Kennedy Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1993); Andrew McLaughlin, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology (Albany: SUNY Press, 1993); Al Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); and, David Oates, Earth Rising: Ecological Belief in an Age of Science (Corvalis: Oregon State University Press, 1989).

2. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. I: An Introduction(New York: Vintage, 1980), 24-25.

3. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 139.

4. Ibid., 141.

5. Ibid.

6. Joel Makower, The E-Factor: The Bottom-Line Approach to Environmentally Responsible Business (New York: Times Books, 1993), 56.

7. Gore, Earth in the Balance, 347.

8. Makower, The E-Factor, 57.

9. For a recent defense of such reasoning, see Bruce Piasecki and Peter Asmus, In Search of Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond Blame (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990).

10. Makower, The E-Factor, 228.

Ford Ecological Re-engineering

1. Bruce Fellman, "Replanning Ecology," Yale Alumni Magazine, LXII, no. 8 (Summer 2000), 46.

2. Ibid., 48.

3. President Bill Clinton, "Address at Freedom House, October 6, 1995 [A White House Press Release], Foreign Policy Bulletin (November/December, 1995), 43.

Green Production: The Clean Planet Issue

1. Keith Bradsher, "Ford is conceding S.U.V. Drawbacks," New York Times (May 12, 2000), A1, C2.

2. Ibid.

2. Ibid.

3. Bradsher, c2. Also see Joseph B. White, "Ford's Huge Excursion Makes Small Dent in the Market," Wall Street Journal (May 18, 2000), B4.

5. Warren Brown and Martha M. Hamilton, "Ford Shifts on Global Warming, "Washington Post", December 7, 1999. E2.

Clean Production: The SUV

1. For more discussion, see Timothy W. Luke, "Nature Protection or Nature Projection? A Cultural Critique of the Sierra Club," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 8, no. 1 (March, 1997), 37-63.

2. Dallas Morning News, "Ford Excursion’s Appeal Not

Limited to its Size," December, 12, 2000: 19D.

3. Ibid.

4. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 170.

5. See Stuart Ewen, All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture (New York: Basic, 1988); and, Wolfgang F. Haug, Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).

Contradictions in Ford’s Ecological Mentality

1. For more discussion, see Timothy W. Luke, "Nature Protection or Nature Projection? A Cultural Critique of the Sierra Club," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 8, no. 1 (March, 1997), 37-63.

2. Dallas Morning News, "Ford Excursion’s Appeal Not Limited to its Size," December, 12, 2000: 19D.

3. Ibid.

4. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 170.

5. See Stuart Ewen, All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture (New York: Basic, 1988); and, Wolfgang F. Haug, Critique of Commodity Aesthetics>: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).

Green Production and Products as Risk Management

1. Ford, Connecting with Customers, 6.

2. Ibid., 3

Telematics and Model E Fordism

1. Bruce Fellman, "Sustaining the Planet," Yale Alumni Magazine, LXII, no.8 (Summer 2000), 49.

2. Ibid.

3. Ford Motor Company, Connecting, 3.

4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., 24.

6. Ibid.

7. Jay Askasie, "Ford's Model E: Can Ford, the very epitome of an old economy company remake itself in the Cisco mold?," Forbes (July 17, 2000), 31.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., 32.

10. Chad White, "The Telematics Revolution," Technology Investors (September 2000), 47.

11. Ibid.

12. See Prakash, Greening the Firm, 145-161.

13. For more elaboration of why state power must guarantee environmental security, see Norman Myers, Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability (New York: Norton, 1993).

14. See Timothy W. Luke, Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

Kanban Capitalism

1. Gerhard Plenert, World Class Manager (Rocklin, CA: Prima), 104, 12.

2. Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), 144.

Kanban Capital and Digital Fordism

1. Tom Taormina, Virtual Leadership and the ISO 9000 Imperative (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1996), 129.

2. See Timothy W. Luke, Screens of Power: Ideology, Domination, and Resistance in Informational Society (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).

3. Don Tapscott and Art Caston, Paradigm Shift: The Promise of Information Technology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 15.

4. Ibid., 98.

5. Wired, 6, no.2, (February 1998), 2-3.

6. Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identify in the Age of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 23.

7. Ibid., 104.

8. Ibid., 108.

9. Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work (New York: Putnam, 1996), 11.

10. Ibid.

Enterprise Reintegration Packages

1. Christopher Meyer, Fast Cycle Time: How to Align Purpose, Strategy, and Structure for Speed, (New York: Free Press, 1993), 3-15.

2. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1979), 138.

3. Ibid.

4. Businessweek (February 16, 1998), 45.

5. Ibid.

6. T.G. Lewis, The Friction-Free Economy: Marketing Strategies for a Wired World (New York: Harper Collins).

7. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991).

8. John Browning and Spencer Reiss, "Encyclopedia of the New Economy," Wired, 6, no. 3 (March, 1998), 109-109.

9. Andrew Leyshon and Nigel Thrift, Money Space: Geographies of Monetary Transformation (London: Routledge, 1997), 41-81.

10. Browning and Reiss, "New Economy," 108.

11. Ibid., 113.

12. Washington Post Magazine (August 3, 1997), 21.

13. Forbes (December 2, 1996), 146.

14. See John Brockman, Digerati: Encounters with the Cyber Elite (San Francisco: Hardwired, 1996).

The Rise of Kineformative Enterprises

1. See Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); and, Ben Agger, Fast Capitalism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989). These tendencies also have been described as "space of flows." See Manuel Castells, The Informational City (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989).

2. Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer, Pure War (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983), 43-51.

3. Paul Virilio, The Art of the Motor (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 23. Paul Virilio, Open Sky (London: Verso, 1997), 75

4. For additional discussion, see William Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 11-53.

5. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), ix.

6. Paul Virilio, The Vision Machine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 60.

7. Ibid., 67.

8. Virilio, Art of the Motor, 59.

9. Paul Virilio, The Aesthetics of Disappearance (New York: Semiotext(e), 1991), 100-101.

10. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963), 197-199.

11. Greider, One World, Ready or Not, 50-51.

12. See Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1993), 47-64.

13. Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991), 111.

14. Ibid., 114.

15. Ibid., 112.

16. Ibid., 113.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., 96.

Communities and Collectives

1. Cited in Louis Uchitelle, "Gillette's World View: One Blade Fits All", The New York Times, January 3, 1997, C3.

2. Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 93. Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," The Foucault Effect: 3. Foucault, "Governmentality," 102.

4. Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism, (New York: Knopf, 1991_. 268-300.

5. Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), appendix.

6. Cited in Paul Virilio, Art of the Motor, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1995), 129.

7. Ibid., p. 95.,See also Paul Virilio, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception (London: Verso, 1989), p. 74.

Conclusion

1. See Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 737; and, Werner Bonefeld and John Holloway, Post-Fordism and Social Form: A Marxist Debate on the Post-Fordist State (London: Macmillan, 1991), 130-137.

2. Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, Vol. I(New York: Vintage, 1980), 141.

3. Ibid.

4. Michel Foucault, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991),

5. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992), 186.

6. Ibid., 223.

7. Ibid., 222.

8. Jean-Francois Lyotard,The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 3-17.